查看: 1796|回复: 2

[推荐] [文化讲堂] 西方的道家 荣格

[复制链接]

发表于 2014-11-8 14:23 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

西方的道家  荣格


文化中国-中国网  责任编辑: 任子鹏





西方对中国文化的认识大致经历了三个阶段。

在文艺复兴晚期和启蒙时代早期,西方一流思想家莱布尼茨、伏尔泰等人对东方文明有着美好的憧憬和极高的礼赞。而在启蒙后期,特别是理性主义成为时代的主旋律之后,中国形象逐渐被赋予负面价值,无论是黑格尔、斯宾格勒、马克思还是韦伯,他们眼中的中国文化无非是幼稚、早熟,落后和没有希望。这种西方中心主义心态使西方从根本上疏离了东方。

第一次世界大战既使西方人心灵重挫,也是他们反省自身、反观东方之新纪元的开始。

上世纪20年代以来,西方杰出的思想家纷纷把目光投向东方和中国,从东方文化寻求灵感资源。如与荣格同时代的德国思想家中,对道家与道教做过深入钻研并留有宏篇著述的,就有马丁•布伯、雅斯贝尔斯、海德格尔等多人。荣格可以说是一个缩影,其对中国思想的深度吸呐和出色发挥,也使他成为中西文化交流新纪元的代表性人物。

荣格的道教研究是他的“神秘主义心灵之旅”的一个组成部分。道的完满意境是诺斯替教“普累若麻”观念的延伸,内丹是炼金术的自然联想,东西方神秘主义在荣格的心理学体系当中得到会通与交融。神秘主义构成了荣格心理学僭越理性的基础,使得分析心理学更加远离了实证主义时代的特征,从而与20世纪渐成主流的非理性主义思潮相呼应。

诺斯替教是先于基督教而盛行于地中海的一种秘传宗教,作为希腊世俗理性文化之残余,它追求东方知识,汲取了波斯的善恶二元论和印度的灵魂观念,后被基督教廷视为异端而革除教门,此后以炼金术为伪装潜伏下来。直到二战后人们才在埃及和死海岸穴分别发现了藏匿的诺斯替教经典《纳格汉马迪图书》和“死海古卷”。该教信奉的中介性存在叫做“普累若麻”,意为无名的始基、尚未存在的上帝、最初者、深不可测者、绝对深渊、在始基之先者、在太初之先者或在天父之先者。此始基产生宇宙种子,在其中精神力量同物质力量潜伏在一起,因而是存在与非存在的原始同一状态,上帝和魔鬼都是它的质料。西方中世纪神秘主义鞋匠哲学家雅各布•伯麦,意大利文艺复兴时期的布鲁诺和后来的谢林均受其影响。

荣格说:“普累若麻中一无所有而又拥有一切受造之物,但它们并不互相消灭,而是作为有效的对立面而相互依存。在一双双对立的两极合并或脱离之时,是非常接近普累若麻的。普累若麻内便是两极合并与消散之所在。”

荣格认为,这种原始同一状态就是人格的内核,对此无意识状态的重视是东方人格保持均衡与完满的重要基础。而基督教所表现的更多是意识层面的对峙和紧张,邪恶与正义总是在激烈的斗争中、在一次次短暂的镇服中寻求平衡,而对立永无止息,人格的离散隐忧始终不能去除。这样一种紧张气氛所造成的西方文化的失重感,根本的治疗必须要面对无意识,只有在原型中才能找回西方人格失落了的平衡。而东方的瑜伽、禅、内丹术等,早在一千多年以前就已透露出了这样的消息,并且在长期的探索之中积累了丰厚的经验,足可以供西方人学习和借鉴。

从本质上讲,精神分析心理学是非理性主义时代的产物,是对实验主义心理学的根本校正。理性可以支配科学,成就伟大的科学时代,但不能支配宗教、伦理道德、艺术等,理性主义昌盛所伴随的是宗教的衰落、道德的乏力和艺术的苍白。所以有了尼采的反叛,有了弗洛伊德的宣示,有了存在主义的呐喊和后现代主义的狂涛巨澜。理性主义的极端化,狭限了人的精神的域界,一切隐密都成为不合法,不可言说即是不存在,任何心灵的想像都有可能沦变成为科学的仇敌而遭到贬弃。所以理性主义的时代绝对不能容纳任何带有神秘印记的资源,不管它是历史上的,还是现实生活中的。

非理性主义的崛起冲破了科学主义对人的精神和心灵世界的桎梏,打开了更加复杂的人性之万花筒,一切公开的、隐密的,可言的、语默的,想像的、真实的,都统统坦露在惊异而茫然的世人面前。正是在这样的背景下,哲学家和心理学家纷纷转换视角,试图重新审视对人的内心精神现象。理性主义时代不被重视甚或遭受封杀的问题、思想、人物及流派重又浮现;尘封已久的资源一一被打开;与近代以来西方之主流精神大异其趣的东方传统也获得了非同寻常的意义;荣格所着力揭示的非理性主义的心灵世界已经愈来愈引起普遍的兴趣并成为精神性学科探讨的重点,而他的理论与方法也获得了典范的意义。

(作者:尤崇遐 本文由国学复兴文化论坛供稿  刊载本文只为传播信息,不代表认同其观点)

本帖子中包含更多资源

您需要 登录 才可以下载或查看,没有账号?注册

×

评分

2

查看全部评分


如歌的行板
发表于 2014-11-8 20:05 | 显示全部楼层

我想,在这个帖子里最有意义的事情就是帮忙续一帖... {:1_496:}

不如一起来看看“荣格箴言”吧:

Children are educated by what the grown-up is and not by his talk.
儿童的教养源于成人的修为而非说教。

If one does not understand a person, one tends to regard him as a fool.
不理解一个人,就往往会把他当成傻瓜。

Man needs difficulties; they are necessary for health.
人需要困扰,困扰是心理健康的必需之物。

The most intense conflicts, if overcome, leave behind a sense of security and calm that is not easily disturbed. It is just these intense conflicts and their conflagration which are needed to produce valuable and lasting results.
对最强烈冲突的克服,使我们获得一种稳定超然的安全与宁静感。要获得有益而持久的心理安全与宁静,所需要的正是这种强烈冲突的大暴发。

There is no coming to consciousness without pain.
没有痛苦,就没有意识的唤醒。

The most terrifying thing is to accept oneself completely.
最可怕的事情是完全接受自己。

A collection of a hundred great brains makes one big fathead.
集合起一百个伟大头脑,就会得到一个大傻瓜。

Here we must ask: Have I any religious experience and immediate relation to God, and hence that certainty which will keep me, as an individual, from dissolving in the crowd?
在此我们必须发问:我是否拥有任何宗教体验、拥有与上帝的直接关联,从而获得一种确然性,使我做为个体免于消融于群众?

Until you make the unconscious conscious, it will direct your life and you will call it fate.
潜意识如果没有进入意识,就会引导你的人生而成为你的命运。

What is essential in a work of art is that it should rise far above the realm of personal life and speak to the spirit and heart of the poet as man to the spirit and heart of mankind.
艺术作品应当超越个人生活的天地、直面诗人的精神与内心深处,如同人直面人类的精神与内心。

It is, moreover, only in the state of complete abandonment and loneliness that we experience the helpful powers of our own natures.
而且,只有在完全的听天由命和孤独状态,我们才能体验到我们自身天性的积极力量。

In some way or other we are part of a single, all-embracing psyche, a single "greatest man".
在某种意义上,我们从属于一个涵盖一切的单一心灵、从属于一个单一的“总体人”。

What is stirred in us is that faraway background, those immemorial patterns of the human mind, which we have not acquired but have inherited from the dim ages of the past.
在我们的内心深处被唤起的,就是那个久远的背景——古老的人类心理模式,它们源于遗传而非后天习得,我们从业已模糊的往日世代继承了它们。

Life has always seemed to me like a plant that lives on its rhizome. Its true life is invisible, hidden in the rhizome. The part that appears above ground lasts only a single summer. What we see is the blossom, which passes. The rhizome remains.
我总是感到,生活就象萌发于地下根茎的植株。生活的真正生命是不可见的,它深藏于地下根茎中,而显露出地面的可见一斑部分只能生存一个夏季。我们所见到的是将会消逝的花簇,而根茎长驻。

At times I feel as if I am spread out over the landscape and inside things, and am myself living in every tree, in the plashing of the waves, in the clouds and the animals that come and go, in the procession of the seasons.
有时我会感到,我伸展开来覆盖大地、延伸进万物:我感到自己生活在每一棵树木中、生活在浪花中、生活在往来无定的云朵和动物中、生活在季节的轮回中。

Knowledge does not enrich us; it removes us more and more from the mythic world in which we were once at home by right of birth.
知识不会使我们更丰富;它使我们越来越远离神秘世界——这个我们曾经的天然家园。

A belief proves to me only the phenomenon of belief, not the content of the belief.
在我看来,一种信仰只是一个信仰现象,信仰的内容无足轻重。

The greatest and most important problems in life are all in a certain sense insoluble. They can never be solved, but only outgrown.
在某种意义上,生活中的最重大和最重要问题都是无法解决的。我们无法解决它们,只能在成长中超越它们。

Your vision will become clear only when you can look into your own heart. Who looks outside, dreams; who looks inside, awakens.
只有当人能够察看自己的内心深处时,他的视野才会变得清晰起来。向外看的人是在梦中、向内看的人是清醒的人。

The unconscious is the unwritten history of mankind from time unrecorded.
潜意识是未曾付诸文字的人类洪荒时代史。

Man's task is to become conscious of the contents that press upward from the unconscious.
人的任务,就是意识到从潜意识中努力向上涌出的内容。

The dream is a little hidden door in the innermost and most secret recesses of the soul, opening into that cosmic night which was psyche long before there was any ego-consciousness, and which will remain psyche no matter how far our ego-consciousness extends.
梦是开设在灵魂深处最隐蔽角落的小小隐秘窗口,它所通向的宇宙夜空是心灵性的,在自我-意识出现之前很久就已如此,而无论我们的自我-意识的疆界如何扩展,它将始终通向心灵的夜空。

Everything that irritates us about others can lead us to an understanding of ourselves.
每件促使我们注意到他人的事,都能使我们更好地理解自己。

Nobody, as long as he moves about among the chaotic currents of life, is without trouble.
在生活的洪流中,没有人是毫无烦恼的。

Nothing has a stronger influence psychologically on their environment and especially on their children than the unlived life of the parent.
父母死气沉沉的生活对周围人特别是自己孩子的影响,是无与伦比的。

The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances: if there is any reaction, both are transformed.
两个灵魂的相遇就像两种化学物质的接触:一丁点的反应就会彻底改变它们。

We cannot change anything unless we accept it. Condemnation does not liberate, it oppresses.
对于任何事务,要改变它就要先接受它。谴责不会解放而只会压迫。

As far as we can discern, the sole purpose of human existence is to kindle a light in the darkness of mere being.
在我们视野所及中,人类存在的唯一目的,是在纯粹存在的黑暗中燃起一点光亮。

It all depends on how we look at things, and not on how they are themselves.
我们看待事物的方式、而不是事物本身如何,决定着一切。

All the works of man have their origin in creative fantasy. What right have we then to depreciate imagination.
人类的所有成就都源于创造性幻想。那么我们没有权利轻视想象力。

Sometimes, indeed, there is such a discrepancy between the genius and his human qualities that one has to ask oneself whether a little less talent might not have been better.
确实,天才的天赋和他的人类品质有时会差异如此巨大,人们不得不怀疑天赋平庸点也许是件好事。

There can be no transforming of darkness into light and of apathy into movement without emotion.
没有情感,就不会有黑暗向光明、冷漠向活力的转变。

Creative powers can just as easily turn out to be destructive. It rests solely with the moral personality whether they apply themselves to good things or to bad. And if this is lacking, no teacher can supply it or take its place 。
创造性力量很容易变成破坏性力量。这只取决于人们的道德人格:是用此力量做好事或做坏事。如果人们缺乏这种道德人格,则没有一种说教能够提供它或取而代之。

Without freedom there can be no morality.
没有自由就不会有道德。

Meaning has an inherent curative power. Meaning affects everything.
意义具有内在的治疗能力。意义影响到一切事物。

The individual cannot give his life point and meaning unless he puts his ego at the service of spiritual authority superordinate to man.
个体只有使自我向高于人的心灵权威臣服,才能赋予自己的生命以特质和意义。

I could not say I believe. I know! I have had the experience of being gripped by something stronger than myself, something that people call God.
我不能够说我有信仰。但我理解!我曾体验过它:某种比我自己更强大的存在控制了我,那就是人们所称的“上帝”(当被问及是否信仰上帝时荣格的回答)。

The world hangs on a thin thread, and that thread is the psyche of man.
世界悬于一线,那根线就是人的心灵。

The unconscious is a piece of Nature our mind cannot comprehend.
潜意识是大自然的一部分,我们的心理无法领悟它。

"Physical" is not the only criterion of truth: there are also psychic truths which can neither be explained nor proved nor contested in any physical way.
“物质”不是唯一的事实标准:还存在心理事实,而且无法以任何的物质方式来解释、证明、或辩驳它。

It is quite possible that we look at the world from the wrong side and that we might find the right answer by changing our point of view and looking at it from the other side, i.e., not from outside, but from inside.
我们完全可能是在从错误的侧面考察世界,要找到有关世界的正确答案,也许需要改变视点、从世界的另一面考察它,即从心理内部而非心理外部考察。

No matter what the world thinks about religious experience, the one who has it possesses a great treasure, a thing that has become for him a source of life, meaning, and beauty, and that has given a new splendor to the world and to mankind.... Where is the criterion by which you could say that such a life is not legitimate, that such an experience is not valid?
无论这个世界如何看待宗教体验,拥有宗教体验的人持有一笔巨大的财富:它已成为他的生活、意义、以及美的来源,并给予世界和人类一份新的壮丽。...你是根据什么标准,来判定这种人生不合理、这种体验没有根据?

评分

1

查看全部评分

回复 使用道具


 楼主| 发表于 2014-11-8 21:03 | 显示全部楼层
没有道德也不会有自由{:1_524:}

评分

1

查看全部评分

回复 使用道具

您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 注册

本版积分规则

九月家园

GMT+8, 2024-5-12 21:49

Powered by Discuz! X3.5

© 2001-2024 Discuz! Team.

快速回复 返回顶部 返回列表